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Demosthenes - translation to English
![Bust of Demosthenes ([[British Museum]], London), Roman copy of a Greek original sculpted by Polyeuktos.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bust Demosthenes BM 1840.jpg?width=200 "Bust of Demosthenes ([[British Museum]], London), Roman copy of a Greek original sculpted by Polyeuktos.")
![Illustration by [[Walter Crane]] of Demosthenes leaving the Assembly in shame after his first failure at public speaking, as described by Plutarch in his ''Life of Demosthenes''](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/He lefts assembly, hiding his face in his cloak.jpg?width=200 "Illustration by [[Walter Crane]] of Demosthenes leaving the Assembly in shame after his first failure at public speaking, as described by Plutarch in his ''Life of Demosthenes''")
![[[Herma]] of Demosthenes: the head is a copy of the bronze posthumous commemorative statue in the [[Ancient Agora of Athens]] by Polyeuctus (c. 280 BC); this herm was found in the [[Circus of Maxentius]] in 1825 ([[Glyptothek]], Munich).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Herma Demosthenes Glyptothek Munich 292.jpg?width=200 "[[Herma]] of Demosthenes: the head is a copy of the bronze posthumous commemorative statue in the [[Ancient Agora of Athens]] by Polyeuctus (c. 280 BC); this herm was found in the [[Circus of Maxentius]] in 1825 ([[Glyptothek]], Munich).")
![[[Alexander Mosaic]] from [[Pompeii]], from a 3rd-century BC original Greek painting, now lost. In 336–335 BC, the king of Macedon crippled any attempt of the Greek cities at resistance and shattered Demosthenes's hopes for Athenian independence.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg?width=200 "[[Alexander Mosaic]] from [[Pompeii]], from a 3rd-century BC original Greek painting, now lost. In 336–335 BC, the king of Macedon crippled any attempt of the Greek cities at resistance and shattered Demosthenes's hopes for Athenian independence.")
![Tarsus]], c. 2nd century BC ([[Cabinet des Médailles]], Paris).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Philip II of Macedon CdM.jpg?width=200 "Tarsus]], c. 2nd century BC ([[Cabinet des Médailles]], Paris).")
![The site of the temple of Poseidon, [[Kalaureia]], where Demosthenes died by suicide.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Temple of Poseidon Poros.jpg?width=200 "The site of the temple of Poseidon, [[Kalaureia]], where Demosthenes died by suicide.")
Ex: Like many others, including Demosthenes and Moses, Lloyd lived with a speech impediment.
Wikipedia
Demosthenes (; Greek: Δημοσθένης, romanized: Dēmosthénēs; Attic Greek: [dɛːmosˈtʰenɛːs]; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he successfully argued that he should gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speechwriter (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.
Demosthenes grew interested in politics during his time as a logographer, and in 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches. He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion. He idealized his city and strove throughout his life to restore Athens' supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon. He sought to preserve his city's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon, in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip's plans to expand his influence southward, conquering all the other Greek states.
After Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great. However, his efforts failed, and the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction. To prevent a similar revolt against his own rule, Alexander's successor in this region, Antipater, sent his men to track Demosthenes down. Demosthenes killed himself to avoid being arrested by Archias of Thurii, Antipater's confidant.
The Alexandrian Canon, compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace, called Demosthenes one of the ten greatest Attic orators and logographers. Longinus likened Demosthenes to a blazing thunderbolt and argued that he had "perfected to the utmost the tone of lofty speech, living passions, copiousness, readiness, speed." Quintilian extolled him as lex orandi ("the standard of oratory"). Cicero said of him that inter omnis unus excellat ("he stands alone among all the orators"), and also praised him as "the perfect orator" who lacked nothing.
